Clinical boundary Schedule I in the U.S. Serious cardiac risk Not FDA-approved No dosing or referrals Schedule I · cardiac risk Not FDA-approved · no referrals

Evidence

Cravings

LAST REVIEWED 2026-05-18 · 346 SOURCES · 0 CORRECTIONS

Withdrawal and craving findings appear in OUD studies, observational detoxification reports, and substance-use reviews.

Confidence: ModerateSource type: Study
Evidence level
early human signal by context
Sample sizes
Varies by source; each claim needs substance type, timing, and follow-up window.
Design quality
Acute symptom change is easier to observe than durable relapse prevention.
Outcomes
Withdrawal severity, cravings, time to relapse, treatment retention, and post-acute symptoms must not be merged.
Limitations
Concurrent medications, setting, expectation, follow-up loss, and substance-specific withdrawal risks can change interpretation.
Safety signals
Withdrawal physiology, dehydration, electrolytes, cardiac risk, benzodiazepines, alcohol, stimulants, opioids, and polysubstance use.
What is not proven
Craving reduction or withdrawal relief is not the same as a cure.
Best next source
OUD papers, clinical trial registries, and adverse-event literature.