Evidence · condition
Withdrawal
LAST REVIEWED 2026-09-22 · OBSERVATIONAL / HISTORICAL · NOT CURE
Acute withdrawal or craving score changes are not durable remission and do not erase cardiac risk or FDA non-approval.
Evidence: Limited observationalNot cureNo dosing
What exists (source-labeled)
Malcolm BJ et al., J Psychoactive Drugs 2018. PMID 29608409, DOI 10.1080/02791072.2018.1447175. Open-label scores — not RCT cure proof. No dosing reproduced.
Alper KR et al., Am J Addict 1999. PMID 10506904.
Mash DC et al., Alkaloids Chem Biol 2001. PMID 11705106.